{"id":8697,"date":"2023-03-21T22:20:04","date_gmt":"2023-03-21T19:20:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/?p=8697"},"modified":"2023-03-21T22:20:07","modified_gmt":"2023-03-21T19:20:07","slug":"kant-ve-lizbon-depremi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/?p=8697","title":{"rendered":"Kant ve Lizbon Depremi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>Yazar: Mehmet Bar\u0131\u015f Albayrak<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1755 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Lizbon Depremi, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 nice canlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 da ba\u015ftan sona etkilemi\u015ftir. Deprem, Azizler G\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f ve Katolik \u015fehrin kiliselerinin \u00e7o\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Depremden sonra, do\u011fal afetlerden sonra \u00e7o\u011fu zaman oldu\u011fu gibi kar\u015f\u0131 mezhepler bunu \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Gazab\u0131\u201d olarak yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama bu sefer durum biraz farkl\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6lenlerin \u00e7o\u011fu, genelevlerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fehrin kenar mahallelerinden de\u011fil, bizzat kilise b\u00f6lgelerindendir. (Daha sonra bunun nedeninin, kiliselerin yumu\u015fak zemine, genelevlerin oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerin sa\u011flam zemine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu nedenle, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n inayeti ve merhameti anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra, \u00f6zellikle Leibniz\u2019in <em>teodise<\/em>\u2019si ve \u201cm\u00fcmk\u00fcn d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n en iyisi\u201d teorisi geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir sorgulaman\u0131n konusu olmu\u015ftur. Bu ba\u011flamda \u00f6zellikle Rousseau ve Voltaire\u2019in ele\u015ftirileri iyi bilinir. Voltaire\u2019in her zamanki i\u011fneleyici \u00fcslubuyla kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cLizbon Depremi\u201d adl\u0131 bir \u015fiiri bile vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Di\u011fer taraftan Lizbon Depremi dendi\u011finde Kant hemen akla gelmez. Oysa Kant\u2019\u0131n do\u011frudan depremle ilgili \u00fc\u00e7 makalesi vard\u0131r. Hatta bana sorarsan\u0131z, Kant\u2019\u0131 dogmatik uykusundan uyand\u0131ran temel etmenlerden biri, kendi ifadesiyle yaln\u0131zca Hume de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta deneyimledi\u011fi Lizbon Depremi\u2019dir.<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kant\u2019\u0131n bu makalelerini \u00fclkemizdeki depremlerden sonra hat\u0131rlay\u0131p incelemek istedi\u011fimde, \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn de yak\u0131n zamanda T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrildi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm.<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan ve ac\u0131 bir kehanet belgesi gibi duran bu \u00e7eviride, yaln\u0131zca Kant\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne de\u011fil, o zamanki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n g\u00fcncelli\u011fine de tan\u0131k oluyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015e\u00f6yle diyor Kant bir paragrafta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Son y\u0131k\u0131ma maruz kalan bu kadar \u00e7ok zavall\u0131 insan\u0131 g\u00f6rmenin, insan<\/em><em>\u00ee duygular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 uyand\u0131rmas\u0131 ve bu insanlar\u0131n b\u00f6ylesi bir zalimlikle ba\u015flar\u0131na gelen bu talihsizli\u011fi bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hissetmemizi sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekiyor. Fakat b\u00f6ylesi bir kaderi her zaman k\u00f6t\u00fc edimlerinden dolay\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131lan \u015fehirlerin ba\u015f\u0131na bela olan verilmi\u015f bir ceza olarak ve bu talihsizleri de Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n adaletinin b\u00fct\u00fcn gazab\u0131n\u0131 \u00fczerlerine bo\u015faltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 intikam\u0131n\u0131n hedefi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrsek buna \u00e7ok ters d\u00fc\u015feriz. Bu t\u00fcrden bir yarg\u0131lama, kendine kutsal kararlar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki niyeti anlama ve onlar\u0131 kendi kan\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re yorumlama yetene\u011fi atfeden, su\u00e7lanacak bir m\u00fcnasebetsizliktir<\/em>.<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O s\u0131ralar hen\u00fcz 32 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan Kant\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015faretlerini bu sat\u0131rlarda okumaya ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere Kant, ele\u015ftirel felsefesini ortaya koymadan \u00f6nceki metinlerinde, \u00f6zellikle Leibniz\u2019in etkisi alt\u0131nda, do\u011fa bilimlerinin empirik verisi ile teoloji aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Leibniz\u2019in \u201cm\u00fcmk\u00fcn d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n en iyisi\u201d tezi, d\u00fcnyadaki her \u015feyin ve olay\u0131n, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck ya da do\u011fal afetler de olmak \u00fczere, optimum bir denge i\u00e7in gerekli oldu\u011funu savunur. \u201cEn iyi d\u00fcnya\u201d bu anlamda iyiliklerle dolu bir d\u00fcnyadan ziyade \u201cen dengeli d\u00fcnya\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu nedenle do\u011fal olaylar, afetler dahil olmak \u00fczere, belirli bir zorunluluk ta\u015f\u0131r. Leibniz\u2019in bu teodisesi, do\u011fa zorunlulu\u011funu, bilimsel mekanik a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 ilahi plan ile birle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in uygundur. Olan biten \u015feylerin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr nedeni bize anlams\u0131z gelebilir, ama t\u00fcm neden-sonu\u00e7 ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden g\u00f6rebilsek her \u015fey yerli yerine oturabilir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle do\u011fadaki tek tek ve belirli bir ba\u011flama kadar olaylar Galileo ve Newtoncu bir matematikle\u015ftirmeyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir, ama do\u011fan\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, bu matemati\u011fin ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir yarat\u0131c\u0131 Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u015fte ele\u015ftirel felsefe \u00f6ncesi Kant da bunu savunur: Do\u011fan\u0131n mekanikli\u011fi ve matemati\u011fi arkas\u0131nda ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir tasar\u0131mc\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ama yukar\u0131da al\u0131nt\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m paragrafta Kant bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc terk edece\u011finin i\u015faretlerini verir. Paragraf\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndaki vurgu, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n niyetlerini bilemeyece\u011fimizdir. Bu nedenle \u00f6rne\u011fin Lizbon Depremi\u2019nin Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir gazab\u0131 olarak nitelemek dalkavukluktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Dahas\u0131, Kant, insan\u0131n Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n niyetlerini bilme iddias\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kibir olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yine deprem makalesinden uzun ama \u00f6nemli bir paragraf al\u0131nt\u0131layay\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u0130nsan \u00f6ylesine dik kafal\u0131d\u0131r ki sanki d\u00fcnyay\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirleri tertiplerken Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sadece onu dikkate almas\u0131 gerekiyormu\u015f gibi, kendini Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etkinliklerinin nesnesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u2026 Genel olarak do\u011fadaki kusursuzlu\u011fun kurallar\u0131na yersiz g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131r ve her \u015fey salt bizimle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130nsanlar, d\u00fcnyada rahatl\u0131k ve keyif sa\u011flayan her \u015feyin orada yaln\u0131zca kendi hat\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in var olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ve s\u00f6z\u00fcm ona do\u011fan\u0131n, bizi cezaland\u0131rmak, tehdit etmek veya bizden intikam almak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n rahat\u0131n\u0131 bozacak hi\u00e7bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe giri\u015fmeyece\u011fini hayal ederler.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Oysa sonsuz say\u0131daki k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapanlar\u0131n huzur i\u00e7inde uyuduklar\u0131n\u0131, eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri eski ve yeni yerle\u015fimcilerine toptan bir kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131kla depremlerin belirli \u015fehirleri parampar\u00e7a ettiklerini, \u00f6yle ki Peru\u2019nun H\u0131ristiyan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse H\u0131ristiyan olmayan k\u0131sm\u0131 kadar salland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u0131k\u0131lan di\u011fer \u015fehirlerden daha az cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini varsayamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z pek \u00e7ok \u015fehrin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan beri bu y\u0131k\u0131mdan esirgendi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<a href=\"#_ftn4\"><strong>[4]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130nsan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelen do\u011fal afetleri Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir plan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmek, insan\u0131n kendini Tanr\u0131 sanmas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle bu bir t\u00fcr \u201cTanr\u0131 kompleksidir\u201d, yani insan\u0131n kendini Tanr\u0131 yerine koymaya yeltendi\u011fi korkun\u00e7 bir narsisizmdir. Kant burada a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a antropormifizm ve insanmerkezcilik ele\u015ftirisi yapar. Do\u011fada olup bitenleri bizimle ilgili sanmak ahmak\u00e7a bir kibirden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bununla ilgili olarak Kant, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00fcndeme gelen \u201cdeprem de\u011fil \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck bina \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr\u201d ifadesini hat\u0131rlatan bir \u00fcslupla, ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Antroposen \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 olarak niteledi\u011fimiz do\u011fay\u0131 tahakk\u00fcm alt\u0131na alma s\u00fcrecine kar\u015f\u0131 da uyar\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Zaman zaman D\u00fcnya\u2019da depremlerin meydana gelmesinin gerekli, fakat buralara \u015fatafatl\u0131 binalar dikmenin bizim a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131zdan gereksiz oldu\u011fu sonucuna varmak daha do\u011fru olmayacak m\u0131d\u0131r? Peru yerlileri yaln\u0131zca al\u00e7ak bir y\u00fcksekli\u011fe kadar \u00e7amurdan, geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 ise kam\u0131\u015ftan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f evlerde ya\u015f\u0131yorlar. \u0130nsan, do\u011faya uyum sa\u011flamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmelidir, oysa o, do\u011fadan kendisine uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn5\"><strong>[5]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kant, Lizbon Depremi\u2019yle ilgili yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 makalede de, teleolojik ve teolojik bir a\u00e7\u0131klama, yani genel bir ama\u00e7l\u0131l\u0131k ve bu ama\u00e7l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u011flanabilece\u011fi ilahi bir ak\u0131l temelinde bir a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 d\u0131\u015flar. T\u00fcm do\u011fay\u0131 ilahi bir akl\u0131n ama\u00e7l\u0131 eseri olarak g\u00f6rme hakk\u0131n\u0131 kendimizde buldu\u011fumuzda, t\u00fcm bilgimizin ve ahlaki eylemlerimizin temelini bu ak\u0131lda aramak zorunda kal\u0131r\u0131z. Kant\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftirel felsefesine kadar yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f asl\u0131nda budur. Ancak depremin de etkisiyle, insan bilgisi ile ilahi ak\u0131l aras\u0131na bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7eker. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma, san\u0131lan\u0131n aksine insan\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu art\u0131r\u0131r. Ne de olsa insan, tam da hem bilgi hem eylem olarak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131-\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011funun fark\u0131nda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, dahas\u0131 ak\u0131l sahibi bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kendi tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan sorumludur. \u0130nsan, kendi tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131nayacak akla sahip oldu\u011fundan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe yetkindir: \u0130nsan\u0131 deyim yerindeyse \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir varl\u0131k olmaya, kendi eylemlerinden sorumlu olmaya mecbur k\u0131lan \u015fey, kendisini Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n biricik varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, do\u011fan\u0131n efendisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na varmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u015f\u0131k, nas\u0131l ancak ta\u015fa \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bir anlamda s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olup kendi esas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yorsa, insan\u0131n kendi esas\u0131 da ancak kendi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131-sonlulu\u011funu kabul ederek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Sonlulu\u011fun bu kabul\u00fc onu do\u011fan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 yapar ve ak\u0131l kavram\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131 da burada sahici bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Ak\u0131l sahibi bir varl\u0131k olarak insan, kendinden ve do\u011fadan sorumludur. Do\u011fada olan biten do\u011frudan insanla ilgili de\u011fildir, do\u011fa insana kar\u015f\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131zd\u0131r, ama insan, i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gezegenden sorumludur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan kendi i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 do\u011frudan etkileme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kant, san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine olumsuz anlamda insanmerkezci bir filozof de\u011fildir. Yani hi\u00e7bir zaman insan\u0131 do\u011fan\u0131n merkezine koymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aksine insan do\u011fayla her zaman m\u00fctevazi bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>G\u00f6k g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc zarars\u0131z k\u0131lmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan modern zamanlar\u0131n Prometheus\u2019u Bay Franklin\u2019den<\/em><em> <\/em><em>Vulcan\u2019\u0131n demir oca\u011f\u0131ndaki ate\u015fi s\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeyi ama\u00e7layan insana kadar b\u00f6ylesi b\u00fct\u00fcn gayretler, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fayla olduk\u00e7a al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc bir ba\u011flant\u0131 i\u00e7indeki cesaretinin kan\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r ve bunlar nihai olarak onu tam da ba\u015flamas\u0131 gereken yer olan, hi\u00e7bir zaman bir insandan daha fazla bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini {g\u00f6steren} m\u00fctevaz\u0131 bir hat\u0131rlatmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.<a href=\"#_ftn6\"><strong>[6]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6zetle Lizbon Depremi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan Kant\u2019ta \u015fu radikal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir: Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fine akl\u0131m\u0131z ermez. Bu, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olaylar\u0131 ona ba\u011flayamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z anlam\u0131na da gelir. Bu nedenle insan, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kendi i\u015fine, kendi eylemlerine bakmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kendi sonlulu\u011fuyla bar\u0131\u015facak ak\u0131l sahibi bir insan, hayat\u0131n\u0131 buna g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlemeli, ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla ortak s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hayat\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu eline almal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisi de\u011fildir. Tersine, insan do\u011fayla ve kainatla al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc bir ili\u015fki kurmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O halde Kant\u2019\u0131n Lizbon Depremi \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makaleden al\u0131nt\u0131yla bitirelim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u0130nsan, bu g\u00f6steri\u015f sahnesinde hi\u00e7 yok olmayacak meskenler kurmak \u00fczere do\u011fmad\u0131!<a href=\"#_ftn7\"><strong>[7]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Bu konuda k\u0131sa ama \u00f6zl\u00fc bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in bkz. \u201cThe Lisbon earthquake and the scientific turn in Kant\u2019s Philosophy,\u201d Sven Erik Larsen, <em>European Review<\/em>, Vol. 14, No. 3, s. 359-367.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/beytulhikme.org\/?mod=makale_tr_ozet&amp;makale_id=65651\">https:\/\/beytulhikme.org\/?mod=makale_tr_ozet&amp;makale_id=65651<\/a>. \u00c7ev: Metin Topuz, Ahmet Selim T\u00fcmkaya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> A.g.e. 865.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> A.g.e. 865.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> A.g.e. 861.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> A.g.e. 875.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> A.g.e. 865.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"teaser\">Yazar: Mehmet Bar\u0131\u015f Albayrak 1755 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Lizbon Depremi, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 nice canlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 da ba\u015ftan sona etkilemi\u015ftir. Deprem, Azizler G\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f ve Katolik \u015fehrin kiliselerinin \u00e7o\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Depremden sonra, do\u011fal afetlerden sonra \u00e7o\u011fu zaman oldu\u011fu gibi kar\u015f\u0131 mezhepler bunu \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Gazab\u0131\u201d olarak yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama bu sefer durum biraz farkl\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8698,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/5773_32.jpg?fit=1024%2C683","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8697"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8697"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8697\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8699,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8697\/revisions\/8699"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8698"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8697"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8697"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8697"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}