{"id":8121,"date":"2022-09-20T10:46:00","date_gmt":"2022-09-20T07:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/?p=8121"},"modified":"2022-11-03T10:53:06","modified_gmt":"2022-11-03T07:53:06","slug":"ucuncu-kritik-uzerine-dusunceler-ne-gerek-vardi-sorusuna-yanit-copy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/?p=8121&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Reflections on the Third Critique: Answering the Question \u201cWhat Was The Need For It?”"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Author: Saniye Vatansever<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

*This article is written in Turkish.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evlad\u0131n\u0131n zorlanmas\u0131n\u0131, yorulmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeyen can\u0131m annem ona ne zaman yeni ve zorlu bir i\u015fe te\u015febb\u00fcs etti\u011fimi haber versem bana hep ayn\u0131 soruyu sorar: Ne gerek vard\u0131? Kant\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em> olarak da bilinen Yarg\u0131 G\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn Ele<\/em>\u015ftirisi<\/em>\u2019ni (1790) okumaya ba\u015flarken, annemden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m ilhamla akl\u0131mda \u015fu soru belirdi: Birinci Kritik<\/em> olarak da bilinen Saf Akl\u0131n Ele<\/em>\u015ftirisi<\/em>\u2019nde (1781\/1787) teorik felsefenin, ikinci Kritik<\/em> olarak bilinen Pratik Akl\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisi<\/em>\u2019nde (1788) ise pratik felsefenin t\u00fcm temel sorular\u0131n\u0131n ne \u015fekilde cevaplanabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdikten sonra, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir Kritik<\/em>\u2019e ne gerek vard\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 Kant uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n da kabul etti\u011fi \u00fczere, Kant \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir Kritik<\/em> yazmaya neden ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funu bu metinde net bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131yor (Horstmann 1989). Bu blog yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, zihnimi uzun zamand\u0131r me\u015fgul eden bu soruya buldu\u011fum cevab\u0131 sizinle payla\u015fmak istiyor ve sizi bu konuda beraber d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye davet ediyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019in Kant\u2019\u0131n kritik projesindeki yeri, \u00f6nemi ve gereklili\u011fi ile ilgili na\u00e7izane d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimi sizlerle payla\u015fmadan \u00f6nce, bu soruya cevap aram\u0131\u015f baz\u0131 Kant uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 cevaplar\u0131 ve bu cevaplar\u0131n beni neden tatmin etmedi\u011fini k\u0131saca a\u00e7\u0131klamak istiyorum. Zira Kant bize bu konuda net bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019in felsefi de\u011feri, Kant\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemindeki rol\u00fc ve \u00f6nemi konusunda birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kant \u00f6nceki iki Kritik<\/em>\u2019te ba\u015fka bir Kritik<\/em>\u2019e duyulan ihtiyaca a\u00e7\u0131k ve net bir \u015fekilde i\u015faret etmedi\u011finden, bu metnin Kant\u2019\u0131n kritik projesinin temel bir par\u00e7as\u0131 m\u0131 yoksa sonradan eklemlenen bir par\u00e7a m\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan tart\u0131\u015fma konular\u0131ndand\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em> kimilerine g\u00f6re Kant\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftirel felsefesinin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131yken, kimilerine g\u00f6re de Kant\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sisteminde meydana gelen devrimsel bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin sonucu \u00e7ok sonradan beliren bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr (Guyer, 2006; Ameriks, 2003).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitab\u0131n Kant\u2019\u0131n felsefi sistemindeki yeri ve rol\u00fcne dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerde oldu\u011fu gibi, bu metnin genel olarak felsefi de\u011feri konusunda da birbiriyle \u00e7eli\u015fen fikirler mevcut. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019in di\u011fer iki Kritik<\/em>\u2019in seviyesinde bir kitap olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler (Gardner, 2016) oldu\u011fu gibi, bu metnin Kant\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli eseri oldu\u011funu iddia edenler de var. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019in \u00f6nemli bir metin oldu\u011funu kabul edenler aras\u0131nda ise metnin temel amac\u0131 konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunuyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Hannah Ginsborg’un yorumuna g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>, ilk Kritik\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131klanan bili\u015fin [Erkenntnis<\/em>] transendental \u00f6nko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n aksine, empirik \u00f6nko\u015fullar\u0131na dair yeni savlar sundu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle epistemik bir de\u011fere sahiptir. (Ginsborg, 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ginsborg\u2019un aksine, Karl Ameriks’e g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019in \u00f6nemi, bu metnin bize \u201cama\u00e7l\u0131 deneyim\u201d [purposive experience<\/em>], yani estetik deneyim i\u00e7in zorunlu \u00f6n ko\u015fullar\u0131 sunmas\u0131nda yatmaktad\u0131r (Ameriks, 2003). Paul Guyer, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik\u2019<\/em>i, pratik akl\u0131n ideali olan en y\u00fcksek iyinin empirik do\u011fada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilirli\u011fini g\u00f6stermesi sebebiyle \u00f6nemli bulur. Guyer’\u0131n yorumuna g\u00f6re, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019in her iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de, pratik akl\u0131n telos<\/em>u olan bu d\u00fcnyada ahlaki bir topluluk olu\u015fturman\u0131n imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir (Guyer, 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, \u00f6zellikle Anglo-Sakson literat\u00fcrde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019in yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f amac\u0131, Kant\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftirel felsefesindeki temel rol\u00fc ve de\u011feri gibi kitapla ilgili en temel konularda dahi b\u00fcy\u00fck anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar s\u00f6z konusu. Bu metnin Kant\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftirel felsefesi i\u00e7in gerekli oldu\u011fu konusunda hemfikir olan yorumcular aras\u0131nda bile bu gereklili\u011fin sebebi konusunda birbirinden farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ortaya koyuluyor. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin ortak noktas\u0131 ise \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019e \u00f6ncelikli olarak ya epistemik\/bili\u015fsel, ya estetik ya da ahlaki bir \u00f6nem atfetmeleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mevcut yorumlardan farkl\u0131 olarak ben, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019in temelde bir \u201cbirlik projesi\u201d olmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Ortaya koydu\u011fu ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sisteminin matematik ve do\u011fa bilimleri gibi sayg\u0131n bir mertebeye kavu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7layan Kant i\u00e7in felsefesinin kapsam\u0131 kadar sistematik birli\u011fi ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple, Kant \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019te<\/em> daha \u00f6ncesinde tek tek inceledi\u011fi konular\u0131n birli\u011fini g\u00f6stererek, ele\u015ftirel felsefesinin sistematik b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne i\u015faret eder. Bu bak\u0131mdan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik\u2019<\/em>in di\u011fer Kritik<\/em>\u2019lerden daha az de\u011ferli veya \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum. Benzer \u015fekilde, bu kitab\u0131n Kant\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemine sonradan eklemlenmi\u015f bir yap\u0131t olmay\u0131p, (Kant bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etmemi\u015f olsa da) ilk Kritik<\/em>\u2019in yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f a\u015famas\u0131ndan itibaren plan\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019in \u201cbirlik projesi\u201d olmas\u0131 tam olarak ne anlama geliyor? Bana g\u00f6re, Kant \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em> ile \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 konuda birli\u011fin imkan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: (i) zihnin numen ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen ak\u0131lsal y\u00f6nleriyle fenomen ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen duyusal y\u00f6nlerinin, (ii) akl\u0131n teorik ve pratik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, (iii) mutluluk [Gl\u00fcckseligkeit<\/em>] ve erdem [Tugend<\/em>] kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n birli\u011fini g\u00f6stermeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan da, \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn felsefe, birli\u011fin tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir” (Din Felsefesi Dersleri<\/em>, 147; VPR1<\/em> 276) diyen Hegel\u2019in ifade etti\u011fi gibi, Kant bu metniyle kendi birlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyarak, daha \u00f6nceki Kritik\u2019<\/em>lerde ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeti ve konular\u0131n birli\u011fini g\u00f6stermeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kant\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kriti<\/em>k<\/em>\u2019ini bir birle\u015ftirme projesi olarak okuyan ilk ki\u015fi ben de\u011filim elbette. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Erkart F\u00f6rster\u2019e g\u00f6re, Kant \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019teki arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131yla Tanr\u0131 fikrine ba\u015fvurarak do\u011fa ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck alanlar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lar (F\u00f6rster, 1992). Sabina Vaccarino Bremner ise, do\u011fan\u0131n nihai amac\u0131 olarak k\u00fclt\u00fcr kavram\u0131na ba\u015fvurarak do\u011fa ile ahlak alanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir ge\u00e7isin ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla metnin birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcnen iki k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n birli\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini savunur (Vaccarino Bremner, 2022). Bu yorumlardan farkl\u0131 olarak Stephen Gardner, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>‘te hem do\u011fa hem ak\u0131l varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan insan\u0131n do\u011fadaki ahlaki eylemlerinin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde amac\u0131na ula\u015fabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stererek, Kant\u2019\u0131n temelde do\u011fa-ahlak uyumunu g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eder (Gardner, 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, Anglo-Sakson literat\u00fcrde Kant\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019te bir birle\u015ftirme projesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler, bu kapsamda Kant\u2019\u0131n do\u011fa ve ahlak alanlar\u0131n\u0131n birli\u011finden [unity<\/em>] ziyade en fazla bu iki alan aras\u0131ndaki \u201cbenzerli\u011fi\u201d [similarity<\/em>], \u201cuyumu\u201d [harmony<\/em>] ya da birbirleri aras\u0131ndaki \u201cge\u00e7i\u015fi\u201d [transition<\/em>] g\u00f6sterebildi\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r. Jens Timmerman ve Pauline Kleingeld\u2019e g\u00f6re ise Kant b\u00f6yle bir projeye giri\u015fmi\u015f olsa da aralar\u0131nda kapanmaz bir u\u00e7urum olan do\u011fa ve ahlak alanlar\u0131n\u0131 bu metinde bir araya getirmeyi ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kleingeld, 1998; Timmerman, 2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timmerman ve Kleingeld\u2019den farkl\u0131 olarak, ben Kant\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019te bu birle\u015ftirme veya birlik projesini a\u00e7\u0131k ve net \u015fekilde olmasa bile ana hatlar\u0131yla ortaya koydu\u011funu ve bunun nas\u0131l m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fine dair bize \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 verdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Elbette Kant\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019te giri\u015fti\u011fi birle\u015ftirme projesinin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verebilmemiz i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle ba\u015far\u0131 kriterimizin belirlenmesi gerekir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Kant\u2019\u0131n birlikten ne kastetti\u011fini netle\u015ftirmemiz gerekir. Kant\u2019a g\u00f6re birbirinden farkl\u0131 \u015feylerin birli\u011finin g\u00f6sterilmesi demek onlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7, kavram ya da prensip kapsam\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilmesidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, iki ya da daha \u00e7ok \u015feyin birli\u011finin g\u00f6sterilmesi, onlar\u0131n birbirine benzerli\u011finin, uyumunun ya da ayn\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n [identity<\/em>] g\u00f6sterilmesi ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Kant\u2019\u0131n birlik projesinde birbirinden farkl\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n birli\u011finin g\u00f6sterilmesi, bu unsurlar\u0131n birbirlerinden ayr\u0131 olabildikleri halde ayn\u0131 amaca hizmet ettikleri, tek bir kavram alt\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebildikleri veya tek bir ilkeye tabi olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in  aralar\u0131nda zorunlu bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011funun g\u00f6sterilmesini gerektirir. B\u00f6yle bir birlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, birli\u011fin par\u00e7alar\u0131 kendi farkl\u0131 i\u015flev ve \u00f6zelliklerini yitirmeden daha genel bir ama\u00e7-kavram-ilke dolay\u0131m\u0131yla zorunlu bir ili\u015fkisellik ba\u011f\u0131 ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fip, sentetik olarak birle\u015febilirler. Bu bak\u0131mdan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019te Kant\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 alanda yani, zihninin birli\u011fi, zihnin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan ak\u0131l yetisinin farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n birli\u011fi, eylemlerimizin motivasyon kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak mutluluk ve erdemin birli\u011fi, ve son olarak akl\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak felsefenin farkl\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131n birli\u011finin nas\u0131l m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu ana hatlar\u0131yla ortaya koymas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bana g\u00f6re Kant, zihnin entelekt\u00fcel ve duyusal y\u00f6nlerinin zorunlu ili\u015fkisini ve birli\u011fini  \u201cya\u015fam hissi\u201d [Lebensgef\u00fchl<\/em>] kapsam\u0131nda ortaya koyarken, akl\u0131n teorik kullan\u0131m\u0131 sonucunda deneyimleyebildi\u011fimiz fenomen d\u00fcnya <\/em>ile pratik kullan\u0131m\u0131 sayesinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebildi\u011fimiz ideal ya da numen d\u00fcnyay\u0131<\/em> ise bu idealin fenomen d\u00fcnyada deneyimlenebilmesi umudu [Hoffnung<\/em>] alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirir. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, var olan\u0131n deneyimi ile idealin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi sonucunda, insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ideali deneyimlemeyi umut eder ve bu bak\u0131mdan da umut etmek hem deneyimi hem de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, her ikisine de indirgenemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fenomen d\u00fcnyada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini umut etti\u011fimiz bu ideal d\u00fcnya, herkesin ahlakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde mutlu oldu\u011fu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, mutluluk ve erdemin sentetik birli\u011finin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fcnyad\u0131r. Kant\u2019a g\u00f6re umudun nesnesi olan bu ahlaki d\u00fcnya [moralische Welt<\/em>] veya en y\u00fcksek iyi [H\u00f6chstes Gut<\/em>] ise daha \u00f6nce birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan iki farkl\u0131 iyinin, yani do\u011fal iyi olan mutluluk ile ahlaki iyi olan erdemin zorunlu birli\u011fine i\u015faret eder. Benzer \u015fekilde, akl\u0131n teorik kullan\u0131m\u0131nda rol oynayan  anlama yetisinin a priori<\/em> ilkesi, yani \u201cdo\u011fan\u0131n yasall\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d [Gesetzm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit<\/em>] ile akl\u0131n pratik kullan\u0131m\u0131nda rol oynayan a priori<\/em> ilkesi olan \u201cnihai ama\u00e7\u201d [Endzweck<\/em>] kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cama\u00e7l\u0131l\u0131k\u201d [Zweckm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit<\/em>] kavram\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde birli\u011fini g\u00f6stermeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan, Kant\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019te inceledi\u011fi \u201cg\u00fczel\u201d idesi dolay\u0131m\u0131yla, felsefenin en temel kavramlar\u0131ndan olan \u201cdo\u011fru\u201d ve \u201ciyi\u201d idelerinin sentetik birli\u011fine i\u015faret etti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bana g\u00f6re Kant \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019te daha \u00f6nce ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 inceledi\u011fi konu ve alanlar\u0131n birlik ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em> Kant\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftirel felsefesinde di\u011fer Kritik<\/em>\u2019ler kadar \u00f6nemli ve gerekli bir metindir. Ayr\u0131ca baz\u0131 yorumcular\u0131n iddias\u0131n\u0131n aksine, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em> Kant felsefesine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel bir devrim sonucunda eklenen bir par\u00e7a olmaktan ziyade, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle en ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri Kant\u2019\u0131n felsefi projesinin tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir unsuru olarak planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yorumumu destekleyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc arg\u00fcmanlar ve metinsel kan\u0131tlar\u0131m mevcut, ancak bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n bir blog yaz\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131 sebebiyle, bu arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ve ilgili pasajlar\u0131 burada sunamayaca\u011f\u0131m. (Fermat\u2019\u0131n son teoremi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takti\u011fi hep kullanmak istemi\u015ftim, sonunda o g\u00fcn geldi.[1]<\/a> \uf04a) \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em> ile ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimi ana hatlar\u0131yla sizinle payla\u015ft\u0131m. Peki, sizce \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik<\/em>\u2019e ne gerek vard\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ameriks, Karl, (2003) \u201cIntroduction: The Common Ground of Kant’s Critiques\u201d, Interpreting Kant’s Critiques<\/em>, Clarendon Press, Oxford.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6rster, Eckart (1992) \u201cWas darf ich hoffen? Zum Problem der Vereinbarkeit von theoretischer und praktischer Vernunft bei Immanuel Kant,\u201d Zeitschrift f\u00fcr philosophische Forschung 46: 170.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gardner, S. (2016). \u201cKant’s Third Critique: The Project of Unification\u201d. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 78, 161-185.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ginsborg, Hannah (2015) The Normativity of Nature: Essays on Kant’s<\/em> Critique of Judgment (Oxford: Oxford University Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guyer, Paul, (2006). \u201cBridging the Gulf: Kant’s Project in the Third Critique<\/em>\u201d, A Companion to Kant<\/em>, G. Bird (Ed.) Blackwell Publishing. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hegel, G. W.F. (1993) Vorlesungen \u00fcber die Philosophie der Religion<\/em>, Teil 1, Einleitung: Der Begriff der Religion. Haz. Walter Jaeschke. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hegel, G.W. F. (2016) Din Felsefesi Dersleri<\/em>. \u00c7ev. Do\u011fan Naci Kad\u0131o\u011flu. \u0130stanbul: Pinhan Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Horstmann, Rolf-Peter (1989) \u201cWhy There Must Be a Transcendental Deduction In Kant’s Critique of Judgment?\u201d, E. Forster (Ed.) Kant\u2019s Transcedental Deductions- The Three \u201cCritiques\u201d and the \u201cOpus postumum\u201d<\/em>, 157-176. Stanford University Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kant, Immanuel. (2000). Critique of The Power of Judgment, <\/em>The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, (P. Guyer, Ed.; E. Matthews, Trans.). Cambridge University Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kleingeld, P. (1998), \u201cKant on the Unity of Theoretical and Practical Reason,\u201d Review of Metaphysics<\/em>, 52(2): 311\u2013339.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Panchishkin, Alekse\u012d Alekseevich (2007). Introduction to Modern Number Theory, Encyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences<\/em>. Springer Berlin; Heidelberg New York <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timmermann, J., 2009, \u201cThe Unity of Reason: Kantian Perspectives,\u201d in Spheres of Reason<\/em>, S. Robertson (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 183\u2013198.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vaccarino Bremner, Sabina (2022). Culture and the Unity of Kant\u2019s Critique of Judgment. _Archiv f\u00fcr Geschichte der Philosophie_ 104 (2): 367-402.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> Fermat\u2019\u0131n son teoremi ile ilgili notu \u015fu \u015fekilde: \u201cBir k\u00fcp\u00fc iki k\u00fcbe veya d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc bir kuvveti iki d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc kuvvete veya genel olarak ikinciden daha y\u00fcksek herhangi bir kuvveti iki benzer kuvvete ay\u0131rmak imkans\u0131zd\u0131r. Bunun ger\u00e7ekten harikulade bir kan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffettim, ancak sayfan\u0131n kenar\u0131 bu kan\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7eremeyecek kadar dar (Panchishkin, s. 341).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Author: Saniye Vatansever *This article is written in Turkish. Evlad\u0131n\u0131n zorlanmas\u0131n\u0131, yorulmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeyen can\u0131m annem ona ne zaman yeni ve zorlu bir i\u015fe te\u015febb\u00fcs etti\u011fimi haber versem bana hep ayn\u0131 soruyu sorar: Ne gerek vard\u0131? Kant\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kritik olarak da bilinen Yarg\u0131 G\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn Ele\u015ftirisi\u2019ni (1790) okumaya ba\u015flarken, annemden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m ilhamla akl\u0131mda \u015fu soru belirdi: Birinci …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7846,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Blog-icin-foto.jpg?fit=960%2C720","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8121"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8121"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8121\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8124,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8121\/revisions\/8124"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/7846"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8121"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}