{"id":12243,"date":"2026-09-23T21:12:03","date_gmt":"2026-09-23T18:12:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/?p=12243"},"modified":"2026-09-24T09:46:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T06:46:14","slug":"kantin-transendental-epistemolojisini-dogallastirmak-olanakli-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/?p=12243","title":{"rendered":"Kant\u2019\u0131n Transendental Epistemolojisini Do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rmak Olanakl\u0131 m\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Yazar: \u00c7a\u011fla \u00d6zcan<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kant\u2019\u0131n epistemolojisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde ona e\u015flik eden kavramlardan hangileri akl\u0131m\u0131za gelir? A priori,  a posteriori, sentetik, analitik, transendental, apperzeption\u2026 Kant bu kavramlar\u0131n \u00fcreticisi olmasa da anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 ve felsefedeki kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek kendisinden sonra yap\u0131lan felsefeyi \u00f6nemli sorularla ba\u015f ba\u015fa b\u0131rak\u0131r. Bunlardan belki de en \u00f6nemlisi, insan bilgisinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131n neler oldu\u011fu sorusudur. Kant\u2019\u0131n epistemolojideki ana y\u00f6nelimi, ko\u015fullar \u00f6\u011fretisini kuram\u0131n\u0131n merkezi konusu durumuna getirmesidir. Saf Akl\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisi<\/em>\u2019nde sentetik a priori bilginin olanakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, bu temel soru etraf\u0131nda insan bili\u015finin transendental, zorunlu, a priori ko\u015fullar\u0131 aran\u0131r. Kant bu \u00f6\u011fretiyle, kendisinden sonraki kuramlar\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir. Bu etki elbette beraberinde ele\u015ftirileri de getirir. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f ele\u015ftirilerin merkezinde, Kant\u2019\u0131n epistemolojisine e\u015flik etti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz temel kavramlar\u0131n neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fc bulunur. \u00d6zellikle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc do\u011falc\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015flar analitik-sentetik ayr\u0131m\u0131na, a priorili\u011fe ve transendental ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ku\u015fkuyla yakla\u015f\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sentetik a priori bilgi iddias\u0131 ve transendental y\u00f6ntem \u00f6zellikle sorunlu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.[i]<\/a> Bu nedenle Kant\u2019\u0131n transendental felsefesiyle do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k uzla\u015fmaz felsefe yapma bi\u00e7imleri olarak kabul edilir.[ii]<\/a> Ancak bu yaz\u0131da iki felsefe yapma bi\u00e7imi aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k ili\u015fkisi kurmayan bir yorumun da olanakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda deneysel bilimlerin bulgular\u0131ndan hareket edilmesi ya da en az\u0131ndan onlar\u0131n da ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya kat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine dayan\u0131r. Kant\u2019\u0131n metafizik bilgi tan\u0131m\u0131ndaysa, deneysel olanla do\u011frudan bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k ili\u015fkisi kurulur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHer\u015feyden \u00f6nce, metafizik bilginin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n deneysel olamayaca\u011f\u0131 zaten onun kavram\u0131nda vard\u0131r. O halde bu bilginin ilkeleri\u2026 hi\u00e7bir zaman deneyden al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r: \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o, fizik de\u011fil metafizik, yani deneyin \u00f6tesinde kalan bilgi olmak zorundad\u0131r. O halde ne as\u0131l fizi\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan d\u0131\u015f deney, ne de deneysel psikolojinin esas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan i\u00e7 deney, bu bilginin temelini olu\u015fturabilir. Demek ki, o, a priori bilgi veya saf anlama yetisi ve saf ak\u0131l bilgisidir.\u201d[iii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kant\u2019\u0131n epistemolojisinde deneysel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ile transendental ara\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fczeyleri birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu nedenle ilk bak\u0131\u015fta Kant\u2019\u0131n epistemolojisiyle do\u011falc\u0131 epistemolojinin hi\u00e7 ilgisi olamayaca\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[iv]<\/a> Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ba\u015fka bir yorum, bu iki d\u00fczey aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir felsefi ili\u015fki kurulabilece\u011fini savunur. Bask\u0131n olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imi ilki olsa da Kant\u2019\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f felsefe ve bili\u015fsel bilime katk\u0131lar\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, do\u011falc\u0131 filozoflar\u0131 Kant\u2019\u0131n epistemolojisinin do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada genellikle birbirinden ay\u0131rt edilen iki t\u00fcr do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlamak \u00f6nemlidir. Birincisi, felsefe ve bilimin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden sorunlar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle felsefenin \u00f6zerk bir disiplin olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcren Quinec\u0131 do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi, felsefenin \u00f6zerkli\u011fini ve kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc sorunlar\u0131 olabilece\u011fini kabul eden, ama bu sorunlar\u0131n deneysel bilimlerle ili\u015fkili olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fini i\u015faret eden, \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan anlay\u0131\u015f. Quassim Cassam bu anlay\u0131\u015flardan ikincisinin transendental epistemolojinin do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na daha uygun oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer.[v]<\/a> Bunun temel nedeni, Quine\u2019\u0131n do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in geleneksel epistemolojinin yerini psikolojinin almas\u0131 gereklili\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmesidir. Epistemolojiyi deneysel incelemeye indirgeyen bu do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7izgisi ele\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve radikal olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir. Il\u0131ml\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f felsefenin \u00f6zerkli\u011fini korurken deneysel bilimlerin katk\u0131lar\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n epistemolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemeyece\u011fini kabul eder. Bu ayr\u0131m, Kant\u2019\u0131n transendental epistemolojisinin do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sorusunu verimli bir bi\u00e7imde sormay\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lar. Burada, Kant\u2019\u0131n transendental epistemolojisinin a priori ve normatif niteli\u011fini korurken deneysel bilimlerle ili\u015fki i\u00e7ine sokulup sokulamayaca\u011f\u0131 sorusuna odaklanaca\u011f\u0131m. Bu soruyu \u00f6nce Quassim Cassam\u2019\u0131n do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rma tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, ard\u0131ndan Patricia Kitcher\u2019\u0131n transendental psikoloji yorumu \u00fczerinden ele alaca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cassam<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cassam, transendental epistemolojinin do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilmesini ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tezinin do\u011frulu\u011funa ba\u011flar. Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tezine g\u00f6re transendental olarak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 psikoloji, fizyoloji, biyoloji gibi deneysel bilimlerin bulgular\u0131na dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kant ise uzay, zaman ve kategoriler gibi transendental olarak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131 a priori kabul etti\u011fi i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tezini benimsemeyecektir. Duyusall\u0131k fizyolojik yap\u0131m\u0131zla, kategoriler psikolojik olarak nesneleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilmemizin vazge\u00e7ilemez \u00f6\u011feleriyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilirse do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rma olanakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Bu do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131na Kant\u00e7\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131dan kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131labilir: Duyu organlar\u0131 ve sinir sistemi, duyusall\u0131\u011f\u0131n nedensel olarak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131 olabilir; ama bundan duyusall\u0131\u011f\u0131n onlara indirgenebilece\u011fi sonucu \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Benzer \u015fekilde kategorilerin psikolojik \u00f6\u011feler say\u0131lmas\u0131 nesnel ge\u00e7erliklerini ve epistemolojinin normatif yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 zedeleyece\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle ele\u015ftirilebilir.  Cassam bu itirazlar\u0131n do\u011falc\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na engelleyemeyece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Ona g\u00f6re as\u0131l sorun transendental olarak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131n a priorili\u011finin g\u00f6sterilebilmesidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu g\u00f6sterilirse, deneysel olanla a priori olan aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klanacak ve do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rma ciddi bir engelle kar\u015f\u0131lanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cassam transendental olarak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131n a priorili\u011finin kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurulan iki arg\u00fcman\u0131 ele al\u0131r. \u0130lki, transendental ko\u015fullar\u0131n zorunlu olmas\u0131ndan hareketle, bu ko\u015fullara ili\u015fkin bilgimizin a priori olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunur. Ancak bir ko\u015fulun zorunlu olmas\u0131, onun yaln\u0131zca a priori bilinebilece\u011fini g\u00f6steremez. \u0130kinci arg\u00fcman ise transendental ko\u015fullar\u0131n bilginin olanakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131 olmalar\u0131ndan a prioriliklerini \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Cassam beynin, sinir sisteminin ve duyu organlar\u0131n\u0131n insan bilgisinin zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131 olduklar\u0131 halde deneysel olarak bilinebildi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek bu ge\u00e7i\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. \u0130lk arg\u00fcman zorunluluktan, ikinci arg\u00fcman ise bilginin zorunlu ko\u015fulu olmaktan a priorili\u011fe ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Cassam her iki ge\u00e7i\u015fin de yeterince gerek\u00e7elendirilmedi\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen yine de deneysel bulgular\u0131n transendental olarak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle a\u00e7\u0131klayamayabilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrer. Cassam burada Strawson\u2019\u0131n uzay ve zaman\u0131 tikelli\u011fin bi\u00e7imleri olarak tan\u0131mlayan tezini \u00f6rnek verir. Bu tezde, uzay ve zaman\u0131n bireyle\u015ftirme ko\u015fullar\u0131 oldu\u011fu metafizik bir iddia ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu iddia sinir h\u00fccrelerinin ve duyu organlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz ve alg\u0131dan t\u00fcretilemez. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131k tezinin duyusal ko\u015fullar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilir. Ancak bunun nedeni Kant\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00f6znenin a priori bili\u015fsel yap\u0131s\u0131ndan kaynaklanmas\u0131 de\u011fil, bilgi nesnelerinin uzamsal-zamansal yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Deneysel bilim duyusal bilgi ko\u015fullar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle a\u00e7\u0131klayamaz; fakat bunun nedeni bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00f6znenin deneysel olarak incelenemeyen transendental yetilerinden kaynaklanmas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak transendental epistemolojinin do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7abas\u0131, tikellik arg\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fam\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Fakat Cassam\u2019\u0131n da dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi gibi, bu arg\u00fcman kategorilerle ilgili bir sonuca varmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011falc\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 olanakl\u0131 olabilir. Yine de transendental epistemolojiyi Kant\u2019\u0131n a priori anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle koruyarak do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ciddi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u015eimdi Kitcher\u2019\u0131n Kant yorumunun, a priori ile deneysel ara\u015ft\u0131rma aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde kurarak bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011fe nas\u0131l yan\u0131t verebilece\u011fine bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitcher<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patricia Kitcher 1990\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan Kant\u2019s Transcendental Psychology<\/em> kitab\u0131yla Kant\u2019\u0131n felsefesini anlayabilmek i\u00e7in birincil oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc psikolojik \u00f6\u011feleri a\u00e7\u0131k k\u0131lmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar ve bu \u00f6\u011feleri ay\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan okumalar\u0131 ele\u015ftirir. Bu yorum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, Kant\u2019\u0131n psikolojiye y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirileri ilk bak\u0131\u015fta bir g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck olu\u015fturabilir. Kitcher\u2019a g\u00f6re Kant\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi deneysel ve rasyonel psikoloji, transendental psikolojiden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, Kant\u2019\u0131n deneysel psikolojiden anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey de \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f deneysel psikolojiyle \u00f6zde\u015f de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle Kant\u2019\u0131n psikolojiye y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirileri, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f do\u011falc\u0131 epistemolojinin ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu psikolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ya da Kitcher\u2019\u0131n Kant\u2019a atfetti\u011fi, bili\u015fin olanakl\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran transendental psikolojiye do\u011frudan y\u00f6neltilmi\u015f say\u0131lamaz.[vi]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kant\u2019s Transcendental Psychology<\/em>\u2019de do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rma ifadesi ge\u00e7mese de kitab\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zay\u0131f psikolojizm, deneysel kapasite \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi, i\u015flevsel yetiler, alt-ki\u015fisel s\u00fcre\u00e7ler, fenomenal \u00f6zne gibi savlar do\u011falc\u0131 yorumun temelini olu\u015fturur. Kitcher, Kant felsefesinde psikolojik \u00f6\u011felerin bulunu\u015funu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc psikolojizmle zay\u0131f psikolojizm ayr\u0131m\u0131na dayanarak a\u00e7\u0131klar: G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc psikolojizm \u201cnormatif ilkeleri olgusal \u00f6nc\u00fcllere dayand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak\u201d anlam\u0131na gelirken; zay\u0131f psikolojizm \u201cpsikolojik olgular\u0131n felsef\u00ee ya da normatif iddialar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olabilece\u011fi, fakat bu t\u00fcr iddialar\u0131 temellendiremeyece\u011fi\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Kitcher\u2019a g\u00f6re \u201cKant\u2019\u0131n epistemolojisi zay\u0131f psikolojizme dayan\u0131r.\u201d[vii]<\/a> Kitcher\u2019a g\u00f6re Kant, bili\u015fsel g\u00f6revleri yerine getiren yetileri normatif ve olgusal iki d\u00fczeyde ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Epistemolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme belirli bili\u015fsel g\u00f6revler i\u00e7in hangi yetilerin zorunlu oldu\u011funu normatif olarak belirlerken; deneysel kapasite \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi bu yetilerin insanlarda fiilen bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu d\u00fczeyler birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r ama t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fildir. Yetilerin keyf\u00ee varsay\u0131mlar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 insan bili\u015finin edimsel i\u015fleyi\u015fi \u00fczerinden deneysel kapasite \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi, zorunlulu\u011funuysa normatif epistemolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme g\u00f6sterir. Kitcher\u2019\u0131n bu ayr\u0131m i\u00e7in metinsel kan\u0131t\u0131 Kant\u2019\u0131n Pratik Akl\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisi<\/em> AA V 47\u2019deki \u015fu ifadeleridir:[viii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0130nsan kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131, temel g\u00fc\u00e7lere veya yetilere ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na var\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar\u0131n olana\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir bi\u00e7imde anla\u015f\u0131lamaz ve keyf\u00ee olarak hayal edilmemeli ve varsay\u0131lamamal\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla akl\u0131n teorik kullan\u0131m\u0131nda, bunlar\u0131n varsay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca deneyim hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karabilirdi.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Cassam\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tezinin daha zay\u0131f bir bi\u00e7iminin Kitcher\u2019da bulundu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir: Transendental soru\u015fturman\u0131n tamam\u0131 deneysel bilime indirgenemez, fakat bili\u015fsel yetilerin edimsel ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi konusunda deneysel ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ki ara\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fczeyi de transendental olarak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131n i\u015flevsel \u00f6zelliklerini belirlemek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. \u0130\u015flevsellik vurgusu Kitcher\u2019\u0131n yetileri belirli bili\u015fsel g\u00f6revleri yerine getiren s\u00fcre\u00e7ler olarak do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rma hedefini somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin sentez, girdileri ve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131 bili\u015fsel durumlar olan i\u015flevsel bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Benzer bi\u00e7imde apperzeption\u2019un birli\u011fi de \u00f6nceden var olan t\u00f6zsel bir bene dayand\u0131r\u0131larak a\u00e7\u0131klanmaz. Tersine bili\u015fsel durumlar\u0131n sentezlenmesi sayesinde zihinsel birlik ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Birle\u015ftirici bir t\u00f6z de\u011fil, bili\u015fsel durumlar aras\u0131ndaki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyle birlik kurulur. Kitcher\u2019\u0131n do\u011falc\u0131 y\u00f6nlerinden biri de apperzeption\u2019un benini fenomenal ben olarak yorumlamas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece bilen \u00f6zne bili\u015fsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin, felsefi ve bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n konusu durumuna gelebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitcher 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cRevisiting Kant\u2019s Epistemology\u201d makalesindeyse kitab\u0131ndaki yorumlar\u0131 do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belirginle\u015ftirir. Bu makalede yaln\u0131zca Kant\u2019\u0131n transendental epistemolojisinin do\u011falc\u0131 yanlar ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmemi\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f epistemolojinin iddialar\u0131n\u0131 Kant\u2019a ba\u015fvurarak destekleyebilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Makalede do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131kla ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131, Kant\u2019\u0131n transendental felsefesinde psikolojik iddialar\u0131n bulundu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerek kurar. Bu psikolojik iddialardan biri, bili\u015fsel g\u00f6revlerin betimlenmesi ve birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Psikolojinin ikinci ve daha \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc ise duyular\u0131n zihne hangi verileri sundu\u011funun belirlemesidir. Bilgiyi olu\u015ftururken zihne d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan gelenlerin belirlenmesi, zihnin \u00f6zg\u00fcn katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu yani transendental yetilerin ve ko\u015fullar\u0131n hangileri oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k k\u0131lar. Kitcher bunu Kant\u2019s Transcendental Psychology<\/em>\u2019de deneysel kapasite \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesinin transendental ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131r. Makalede de bu katk\u0131y\u0131 psikolojinin sunabildikleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Psikoloji insanlar\u0131n hangi bili\u015fsel g\u00f6revleri yerine getirebildi\u011fini ve duyular\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 verileri ortaya koyarken, transendental epistemoloji bili\u015fsel i\u015fleyi\u015fin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in deneysel olmayan katk\u0131lar\u0131n gerekli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlardan hangilerinin vazge\u00e7ilmez ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla epistemik olarak ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya kar\u015f\u0131n, sentetik a priori bilginin olanakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran bir felsefenin psikolojiden yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131ca gerek\u00e7elendirmesi gerekir. Kitcher\u2019a g\u00f6re \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f psikoloji literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde zihnin alg\u0131 ve inanc\u0131n olu\u015fumuna \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulundu\u011funun kabul edilmesi gerek\u00e7elendirme i\u00e7in iyi bir \u00f6rnektir. Bununla birlikte, bu katk\u0131lardan hangilerinin temel bili\u015fsel g\u00f6revler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ilmez oldu\u011funu transendental felsefe ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6stermelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Kitcher\u2019\u0131n Kant yorumunda bir etkinli\u011fin epistemik ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini sa\u011flayan \u015fey, onun psikolojik olu\u015fu de\u011fil, temel bili\u015fsel g\u00f6revlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez olu\u015fudur. Psikolojik olgular normatif epistemolojik iddialar\u0131 temellendiremese de bundan psikolojinin Kant\u2019\u0131n epistemolojisinde ikincil oldu\u011fu sonucu \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Aksine Kitcher, zihinsel in\u015fan\u0131n en temel bili\u015fsel edimlerde bile zorunlu olmas\u0131 nedeniyle epistemolojinin psikolojiyi i\u00e7ermesi gerekti\u011fini savunur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cQuine, epistemoloji ile psikolojinin birle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in Kant\u2019tan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir savunucu bulmakta zorlan\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, e\u011fer Kant\u2019\u0131n insan\u0131n epistemik durumuna ili\u015fkin modeli do\u011fruysa, epistemoloji psikolojiyi i\u00e7ermek zorundad\u0131r. En temel bili\u015f edimleri bile zihinsel in\u015fa gerektiriyorsa, psikoloji hem epistemolojinin g\u00fcndemini de\u011fi\u015ftirir hem de zihnin bilgiye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lar\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in zorunlu bilgiler sa\u011flar.\u201d[ix]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede  <\/strong>Kant\u2019\u0131n a priori felsefesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerini i\u015faret eden Cassam\u2019dan farkl\u0131 olarak Kitcher\u2019\u0131n do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n olanakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Cassam, transendental olarak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca deneysel bilimlerle ili\u015fkili olarak kurulabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tezinin Kant\u2019\u0131n epistemolojisiyle uyumlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131rken Kitcher bu tezi yumu\u015fatarak do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lar. Bir yandan transendental olarak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131n belirlenmesi (normatif olan) ile bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren bili\u015fsel kapasitelerin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (olgusal olan) birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131rken \u00f6te yandan her ikisi de bili\u015fin zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyma projesine katk\u0131da bulunur. B\u00f6ylece transendental epistemolojinin normatif ve a priori boyutu korunurken deneysel bilimlerle ili\u015fkisi de kurulabilir. Kitcher\u2019\u0131n yorumu \u00fczerinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rma, transendental epistemolojinin deneysel bilime indirgenmesi de\u011fil, onun deneysel psikoloji ve bili\u015fsel bilimle s\u00fcreklilik i\u00e7inde yeniden kurulmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu yorum ayn\u0131 zamanda Kant\u2019\u0131n transendental ve deneysel ara\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fczeyleri aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 korur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cassam, Quassim. \u201cCan Transcendental Epistemology Be Naturalized?\u201d. Philosophy<\/em> 78\/304 (2003):181-203.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kant, Immanuel. Proglegomena. \u00e7ev. \u0130oanna Ku\u00e7uradi, Yusuf \u00d6rnek. Ankara: T\u00fcrkiye Felsefe Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitcher, Patricia. Kant\u2019s Transcendental Psychology<\/em>. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitcher, Patricia. \u201cRevisiting Kant’s Epistemology: Skepticism, Apriority, and Psychologism,\u201d No\u00fbs<\/em> 29\/3, (1995): 285-315.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smith, Joel; Peter Sullivan. \u201cIntroduction: Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism\u201d. Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism <\/em>i\u00e7inde. (1-25) ed. Joel Smith and Peter Sullivan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[i]<\/a> Patricia Kitcher, \u201cRevisiting Kant’s Epistemology: Skepticism, Apriority, and Psychologism\u201d, No\u00fbs<\/em> 29\/3, (1995): 285-315, 285.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ii]<\/a> \u201cKant\u2019\u0131n transendental idealizmi hakk\u0131nda ba\u015fka ne belirsiz olursa olsun, bir \u015fey a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r\u2014nat\u00fcralizmin reddini i\u00e7erir (Skorupski 1990: 7).\u201d Bkz.: Joel Smith; Peter Sullivan, \u201cIntroduction: Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism\u201d, Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism i\u00e7inde, (1-25) ed. Joel Smith and Peter Sullivan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011),  dipnot 30, 15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iii]<\/a> Kant, Proglegomena, \u00e7ev. \u0130oanna Ku\u00e7uradi, Yusuf \u00d6rnek (Ankara: T\u00fcrkiye Felsefe Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2002), \u00a7 1, paragraf 24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iv]<\/a> Smith, Sullivan, \u201cIntroduction,\u201d 15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[v]<\/a> Quassim Cassam, \u201cCan Transcendental Epistemology Be Naturalized?\u201d Philosophy 78\/304 (2003):181-203, 181.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vi]<\/a> Patricia Kitcher, Kant\u2019s Transcendental Psychology<\/em> (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vii]<\/a> Kitcher, Kant\u2019s Transcendental Psychology<\/em>, 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[viii]<\/a> Kitcher, Kant\u2019s Transcendental Psychology<\/em>, 19-21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ix]<\/a> Kitcher, \u201cRevisiting Kant’s Epistemology\u201d, 309.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yazar: \u00c7a\u011fla \u00d6zcan Kant\u2019\u0131n epistemolojisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde ona e\u015flik eden kavramlardan hangileri akl\u0131m\u0131za gelir? A priori,  a posteriori, sentetik, analitik, transendental, apperzeption\u2026 Kant bu kavramlar\u0131n \u00fcreticisi olmasa da anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 ve felsefedeki kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek kendisinden sonra yap\u0131lan felsefeyi \u00f6nemli sorularla ba\u015f ba\u015fa b\u0131rak\u0131r. Bunlardan belki de en \u00f6nemlisi, insan bilgisinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131n neler oldu\u011fu …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12247,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/foto.png?fit=1086%2C1013","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12243"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12243"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12255,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12243\/revisions\/12255"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}