{"id":10800,"date":"2025-04-10T15:54:51","date_gmt":"2025-04-10T12:54:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/?p=10800"},"modified":"2025-05-17T17:29:00","modified_gmt":"2025-05-17T14:29:00","slug":"guzelligin-on-par-etmez-sensus-communis-olmasa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/?p=10800","title":{"rendered":"G\u00fczelli\u011fin On Par\u2019 Etmez, Sensus Communis Olmasa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Yazar: Ay\u015fe Hilal Ak\u0131n<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eark\u0131\u015fla\u2019dan K\u00f6nigsberg\u2019e uzanan bu yaz\u0131da az sonra yapaca\u011f\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 Kant, \u201cye\u011fin heyecan\u201d, belki \u201cesrime\u201d olarak adland\u0131rabilirdi. E\u011fitim hayat\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran Kant \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olanlar iyi bilir ki onun g\u00f6lgesinde s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylemek zordur. \u00d6te yandan bir kere Kant\u2019a bula\u015f\u0131p filozofun kavram setini temell\u00fck ettiniz mi, art\u0131k onun izlerinden azade bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme faaliyeti s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek daha zor… Bazen bir etik ikilemde i\u00e7inizdeki \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kant\u201d konu\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Bazen de bir t\u00fcrk\u00fcy\u00fc dinlerken kavramlar, Kant\u00e7a i\u00e7erimiyle yeniden do\u011fabilir felsefe ufkunuzda: Kant\u2019\u0131n g\u00fczel<\/em>i, y\u00fcce<\/em>si, co\u015fku<\/em>su, affektum<\/em>u ya da metafizik<\/em>i, Kant\u2019tan \u00f6ncekilerin s\u00f6ylediklerinden ba\u015fkad\u0131r ve Kant\u2019tan sonra da bu kavramlar, onun tesiriyle ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131r. Kavramlar\u0131n i\u015faret ettikleri anlamlar\u0131n ba\u015fkala\u015fmas\u0131, bizim d\u00fcnyay\u0131 al\u0131mlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ve yarg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ba\u015fka bir noktaya ta\u015f\u0131r: \u00d6rne\u011fin Kant\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftirel felsefesinde g\u00fczel ve ho\u015f birbirinden ayr\u0131 \u015feylerdir. G\u00fczel de kendi i\u00e7inde \u00e7atallanarak Kant taraf\u0131ndan inceltilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131da, Kant\u2019\u0131n ansiklopedik bir serinlikle yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 be\u011feni yarg\u0131lar\u0131ndan hareketle A\u015f\u0131k Veysel\u2019in g\u00fczeli<\/em> ile Kant\u2019\u0131n g\u00fczeli<\/em> aras\u0131ndaki farka birlikte bakaca\u011f\u0131z. \u00d6ncelikli olarak g\u00fczel yarg\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6znenin durdu\u011fu yer ve yarg\u0131n\u0131n tesisindeki rol\u00fcne A\u015f\u0131k Veysel\u2019in a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 pencereden bakacak olursak me\u015fhur t\u00fcrk\u00fcs\u00fcnde o \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yler;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fczelli\u011fin on par\u2019 etmez<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bendeki a\u015fk olmasa<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011flenecek yer bulaman<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6nl\u00fcmdeki k\u00f6\u015fk olmasa.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada t\u00fcrk\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00f6zlerinin ilk iki m\u0131sras\u0131na odaklanacak olsam da sonradan gelen b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn de birtak\u0131m ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sunabilece\u011fi kanaatindeyim. Hem a\u015fk\u0131n hem de g\u00f6n\u00fcl k\u00f6\u015fk\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6znel ve i\u00e7kin (immanent<\/em>) olu\u015fu, birbirini destekler \u015fekilde bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015f\u0131k Veysel\u2019in g\u00fczelini sadece bir t\u00fcrk\u00fcden yola \u00e7\u0131karak okumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunacakt\u0131r elbette. \u00d6te yandan onun g\u00fczellik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu t\u00fcrk\u00fc, kanaatimce, merkezde yer al\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00f6zlerini okurken daha en ba\u015ftan bana d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, buradaki g\u00fczelin olduk\u00e7a \u00f6znel oldu\u011fudur. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle g\u00fczel, kendini seyredende, murakabede bulunanda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir ad\u0131m ileri gidersek A\u015f\u0131k Veysel\u2019e g\u00f6re g\u00fczelin g\u00fczelli\u011fi, ancak sevilmesiyle takdir edilebilecektir. Bu durumda a\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan g\u00fczelli\u011fin hi\u00e7bir de\u011feri yoktur. Alg\u0131layan \u00f6zneyle\/a\u015f\u0131kla k\u00e2im bu anlay\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re g\u00fczellik s\u00fcbjektiftir. A\u015f\u0131k olmak, g\u00fczelin g\u00fczelli\u011finin idraki i\u00e7in bir \u00f6n ko\u015ful gibidir. Devam eden m\u0131sralarda g\u00fczelin yaln\u0131zca idrakinde de\u011fil, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesinde de \u00f6zne\/a\u015f\u0131k bilfiil rol oynar. \u00d6znenin\/a\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcl k\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc olmasa, g\u00fczelin ontolojik olarak var olabilmesi muhal gibidir. Kant\u00e7a<\/em> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bu kadar \u201c\u00e7\u0131karl\u0131\u201d ve \u201c\u00f6znede a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan\u201d \u015fey, g\u00fczellik<\/em> de\u011fil de ho\u015flanma<\/em> olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. \u00d6te yandan Kant\u2019a g\u00f6re bir \u015feyden ho\u015flanmam\u0131z, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle onun cazibesi ve bizde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 duygu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bizi ho\u015fnut etmesinden ibaret ise, kendi ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z estetik yarg\u0131y\u0131 onaylatmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fka birine ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z olmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle be\u011feni yarg\u0131s\u0131 toplumsal iletilebilirli\u011fe sahip olacak ve \u00f6znel-evrensel bir zemine ta\u015f\u0131nacakt\u0131r.[1]<\/a> Bu noktada belki \u015f\u00f6yle bir farka i\u015faret edilebilir: A\u015f\u0131k Veysel\u2019in g\u00fczelin tecr\u00fcbesinde y\u00fcceltti\u011fi a\u015fk ve a\u015f\u0131k iken, Kant\u2019\u0131n g\u00fczelde y\u00fcceltti\u011fi \u00e7\u0131kars\u0131zl\u0131k ve evrenselliktir. \u00c7\u0131kardan yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmak, ayn\u0131 zamanda herkes i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlik isteminde olan bir yarg\u0131da bulunmay\u0131 iktiza eder. B\u00f6ylelikle g\u00fczellik salt duyusal de\u011fil, derin-d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen yarg\u0131 yetisinin (reflektierende Urteilskraft<\/em>) bir faaliyeti olarak a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kant, g\u00fczeli ho\u015f olandan ay\u0131rt ederken kritiklerin sonuncusu olan Yarg\u0131 Yetisinin Ele\u015ftirisi<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde g\u00fczellik kavram\u0131n\u0131 da kendi i\u00e7inde ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131r: \u00d6zg\u00fcr G\u00fczellik (freie Sch\u00f6nheit<\/em>) ve Salt Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 G\u00fczellik (blo\u00df anh\u00e4ngende Sch\u00f6nheit<\/em>). \u00d6zg\u00fcr g\u00fczellik i\u00e7in, do\u011fadan \u00f6rnekler verir: \u00c7i\u00e7ekler, ku\u015flar, b\u00f6cekler ya da m\u00fczikteki d\u00fc\u015flemler \u00f6zg\u00fcr do\u011fa g\u00fczellikleridir. Hi\u00e7bir nesneyi temsil etmezler; \u00f6zg\u00fcrce kendileri i\u00e7in ve kendinde g\u00fczeldirler. Salt ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 g\u00fczellik ise, bir insan\u0131n, bir yap\u0131n\u0131n ya da o yap\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde yer alan bir s\u00fctunun g\u00fczelli\u011finin, \u015feyin ne olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirleyen bir gayelilik kavram\u0131n\u0131 varsaymakla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle g\u00fczellik, \u015feyin eksiksizli\u011finin bir kavram\u0131n\u0131 varsayar ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kant\u2019a g\u00f6re g\u00fczellik mefhumsuzdur; bir kavram alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmeden, dolays\u0131zca bilinir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla A\u015f\u0131k Veysel\u2019in a\u015fka dair \u00f6n ko\u015fulu \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, g\u00fczel orada ko\u015fulsuz ve \u00e7\u0131kars\u0131z olarak vard\u0131r. G\u00fczellik ne nesnede ne de onu seyreden seyircinin perspektifindedir. \u00d6te yandan salt seyirci ve nesne aras\u0131ndaki bir ili\u015fki de de\u011fildir. G\u00fczellik daha \u00e7ok, \u00f6zne ve nesne ili\u015fkisindeki seyir faaliyeti<\/em>nde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar. Ancak bu t\u00fcr yarg\u0131n\u0131n biricikli\u011fi, onun salt \u00f6znel oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. Kant, bir yandan be\u011feni yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6znel oldu\u011funu ifade ederken di\u011fer yandan da be\u011feni yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n herkesten onay bekledi\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer.[2]<\/a> Bu da ortak duyu (sensus communis<\/em>) ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale gelir. Sensus communis<\/em> g\u00fczeli, \u00f6znel-evrensele y\u00fckseltendir. Ortak duyu ilkesi, neyin ho\u015fa gitti\u011fi ya da gitmedi\u011fini kavramlar yoluyla de\u011fil yaln\u0131zca duygu yoluyla ortaya koyan \u00f6znel bir ilkedir.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Kant\u2019\u0131n, be\u011feni yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6gelerinden biri olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu ilke deneyime dayand\u0131r\u0131lamaz.[4]<\/sup><\/a> Muhayyile melekesi ile m\u00fcdrikenin uyumuna dayanan ilkenin varsay\u0131m\u0131, be\u011feni yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tikelden evrensele y\u00fckselmesini sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Kant\u2019a g\u00f6re, estetik yarg\u0131n\u0131n evrensel iletilebilirli\u011fini ancak bu kabul \u00fczerinden sa\u011flayabiliriz. Ortak duyuyu varsaymad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z takdirde nesne ile aralar\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir anla\u015fma olmayacakt\u0131r.[5]<\/sup><\/a> Estetik yarg\u0131lar nesnenin herhangi bir niteli\u011fi<\/em> ya da kavram\u0131yla<\/em> ilgilenmez. Nesnenin verilmesini\/kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temsilin \u00f6zne<\/em> ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakla ve temsil yetilerinin belirlenimindeki gayelilik<\/em> bi\u00e7imini dikkatimize sunmakla g\u00f6revlidir.[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015f\u0131k Veysel\u2019in kendi duygular\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kurdu\u011fu \u00f6znel g\u00fczel tecr\u00fcbesini tikelden evrensele y\u00fckselten Kant\u2019\u0131n ortak duyusudur diyebiliriz. Ortak duyu olmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u015eark\u0131\u015fla\u2019da on par\u2019 eden<\/em> K\u00f6nigsberg\u2019de kategori d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalabilir. G\u00fczel<\/em>i; seven-sevilen, \u00f6zne-nesne ili\u015fkisine hapsetmeyen, onu toplumsall\u0131\u011fa a\u00e7an, etki alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleten evrensellik, ortak duyu varsay\u0131m\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. San\u0131r\u0131m tam da bu sebeple: \u201cG\u00fczellik<\/em> on par\u2019 etmez, sensus communis<\/em> olmasa!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kant, Immanuel; Kritik der Urteilskraft<\/em>, ed. Heiner F. Klemme, Felix Meiner Verlag, Hamburg, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Immanuel Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft<\/em>, ed. Heiner F. Klemme, Felix Meiner Verlag, Hamburg, 2009. Bu esere at\u0131flar, KUK<\/em> k\u0131saltmas\u0131n\u0131 takiben paragraf numaralar\u0131 k\u00f6\u015feli parantez i\u00e7ine al\u0131narak verilecektir. KUK<\/em>, [5: 278].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> KUK<\/em>, [5: 237].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> KUK<\/em>, [5: 238].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> KUK<\/em>, [5: 240].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> KUK<\/em>, [5: 239].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> KUK<\/em>, [5: 228].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yazar: Ay\u015fe Hilal Ak\u0131n \u015eark\u0131\u015fla\u2019dan K\u00f6nigsberg\u2019e uzanan bu yaz\u0131da az sonra yapaca\u011f\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 Kant, \u201cye\u011fin heyecan\u201d, belki \u201cesrime\u201d olarak adland\u0131rabilirdi. E\u011fitim hayat\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran Kant \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olanlar iyi bilir ki onun g\u00f6lgesinde s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylemek zordur. \u00d6te yandan bir kere Kant\u2019a bula\u015f\u0131p filozofun kavram setini temell\u00fck ettiniz mi, art\u0131k onun izlerinden azade bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme faaliyeti …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10801,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-04-10-at-08.02.20.jpeg?fit=1663%2C2048","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10800"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10800"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10800\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10897,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10800\/revisions\/10897"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10801"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10800"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10800"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/turkiyekanttoplulugu.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10800"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}